![]() The same applies to analogous types like SOV, VSO, and verb-initial. Rather than repeatedly using the expression languages which use SVO order in negative clauses, I use the expression SVO language in this specialized sense. As discussed below with Map 144C, there are languages in which the order SVO is used in negative clauses but not in affirmative clauses. I use the expression SVO language here and elsewhere in this paper to refer to a language which employs SVO order in negative clauses. Type 1 to 4 are the four possibilities for SVO languages, Types 5 to 8 are the four possibilities for SOV languages, Types 9 to 12 the four attested types for verb-initial languages, and Types 13 to 15, the three attested types for object-initial languages. This includes languages with morphological coding of negation on verbs, multiple orders or negative constructions, obligatory or optional double negation, and languages where my data is incomplete.Īs just noted, the first fifteen types represent the fifteen attested word orders involving a single negative word. Types 1 to 15 are the fifteen attested word orders involving a single negative word, the subject, the object, and the verb, while Types 16 to 21 are ones not involving just a single negative word and a single word order in negative clauses. Map 144A is the only map in this chapter showing all of the languages that appear on some map in this chapter. Morphological negation only (but not double negation) More than one position for negative morpheme, with none dominant Map 144A: Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb Further data on the languages shown on the maps for Chapter 143 but not for this chapter would probably identify additional possibilities not found in the languages examined in this chapter. The number of languages shown on the maps for this chapter is fewer than those in Chapter 143, primarily because there are many languages which lack a dominant order of subject, object, and verb, or for which I lack adequate information on the order of these three elements. The remaining maps each restrict attention to different orders of subject, object and verb: Maps 144D through 144K deal with SVO languages, Maps 144L through 144S deal with SOV languages, Maps 144T through Map 144X deal with verb-initial languages, and Map 144Y deals with object-initial languages. Map 144C is a specialized map, showing languages in which the order of subject, object, and verb is different in negative clauses from their order in affirmative clauses. Map 144B provides an alternative way of viewing the fifteen basic types, based on the position of negative words relative to the beginning and end of the sentence and whether or not they are immediately adjacent to the verb. Map 144A shows these fifteen types, as well as a variety of more specialized types. ![]() Of these 24 logically possible types, fifteen are attested. For languages which employ a single negative word and a single position for the negative word in negative clauses, there are 24 logically possible types, four for each order of subject, object, and verb. The first two maps focus on negative words rather than negative affixes on verbs, since it is only negative words that can have different positions relative to the subject and object. ![]() This chapter involves 25 different maps, 144A through 144Y. Familiarity with Chapter 143 is assumed here. This chapter expands on Chapter 143, which discusses the order of negative morpheme with respect to the verb, by examining the position of the negative morpheme with respect to the subject and object as well. 144Y: The Position of Negative Morphemes in Object-Initial Languages.144X: Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative.144W: Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object.144V: Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative.144U: Double negation in verb-initial languages.144T: The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages.144O: Optional Double Negation in SOV languages.144N: Obligatory Double Negation in SOV languages.144M: Multiple Negative Constructions in SOV Languages.144L: The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages.144G: Optional Double Negation in SVO languages.144F: Obligatory Double Negation in SVO languages.144E: Multiple Negative Constructions in SVO Languages.144D: The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages.144C: Languages with different word order in negative clauses.144B: Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb. ![]() 144A: Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb.
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